LETTER TO THE EDITOR
THE STAR
Refers: John Dugard: “Debunking Israel’s self-defence argument” (28/11/14)
The lay public harbour a systemic respect for those with exalted academic qualifications, and who can blame them. If you can’t trust the views and opinions of experts, who then can one look to for authoritative council?
A prime example applies to Professor John Dugard, the former UN special rapporteur on human rights in the ‘occupied Palestinian territory’, and professor emeritus of international law at the University of Leiden. Indeed, his seemingly definitive article, “Debunking Israel’s self-defence argument” that originally appeared in ‘Al Jazeera America’ in July prior to it’s resuscitation in The Star on November 28, illustrates how often respected commentators depend on the ignorance of readers, the majority of whom would never resort to checking the veracity of what they’re fed.
And so it is with Dugard, a generally respected jurist that most would never suspect of stating anything but verified fact – until it comes to Israel.
Making light of Israel’s claim that its acts of retaliation to being on the receiving end of 14,000 Gaza-based rockets are acts of self-defence, Dugard launches into a seemingly convincing argument that, despite Israel’s complete departure from Gaza in 2005, it is still the occupier as defined by International Law. He brushes aside Hamas’ relentless missile attacks for the past 9 years, construing them as “acts of resistance of an occupied people and an assertion of its recognized right to self-determination”.
Further, he asserts that Israel, (which based its withdrawal on the naïve hope that the Palestinians of Gaza would use this newly-found independence to establish a meaningful, mutually advantageous relationship with its powerful neighbour), “is not the victim but the occupying power, using force to maintain its illegal occupation. “
Dugard suggests that despite Israel’s withdrawal from Gaza, it continues to maintain control of it through “intermittent incursions … regular shelling … controlling the land crossings into Gaza, its airspace and territorial waters and its population registry which determines who may leave and enter.”
Writing in ‘Al Jazeera America’, Dugard claimed that because Israel is “occupying Gaza”, the normal laws of self-defence do not apply. While Israel may not legally defend itself he argued that Hamas may legally attack. Firing thousands of rockets at Israelis going about their lives is perfectly legal, he claimed. After all, Hamas rockets and terror tunnels are “acts of resistance of an occupied people.” The status of Gaza is clear, he wrote. It is occupied territory — part of occupied Palestinian territory. Effective control is the test for occupation.”
Conveniently Dugard overlooks the existing “effective control” of the enclave by the ruling government, Hamas which, by no stretch of the imagination takes its orders from Israel. What Israel has opted to control under existing belligerent circumstances is entry through her borders (as does Egypt, which Dugard feels vindicated in ignoring); the rearming of a recognised terrorist group – Hamas – from the sea (also upheld by Egypt); the control over what essential commodities are supplied to Gaza from Israel (in view of the abuse of this in the past) and the monitoring of attack tunnels into Israel which Dugard fails to even mention.
Dugard bases his entire argument about “effective control being the test for occupation” on the International Court of Justice’s recent confirmation thereof in the dispute between the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Uganda, asserting that “the physical presence of Israel in Gaza is not necessary provided it retains effective control and authority over the territory by other means.”
Yet the definition of “effective control” by the ICJ in the DRC/Uganda conflict is an exact contradiction of what Dugard claims. The true situation was not only radically different but the ICJ definition of “effective control” in the Congo/ Uganda case was completely contrary to what Dugard said.
Examining two extensive analyses of the decision of the ICJ ruling over the DRC/ Uganda vis-à-vis Gaza /Israel undertaken by Steve Aspel and the influential USA-based blog, “The Elder of Zyion” in August 2014, Dugard is revealed to be both misleading and duplicitous as the situation applicable to the DRC/Uganda has no bearing whatsoever on that in Israel/Gaza.
The ruling stated:
“To reach a conclusion as to whether a State … is an ‘occupying power’ … the Court must examine whether there is sufficient evidence to demonstrate that the said authority was in fact established and exercised by the intervening State in the areas in question. … armed forces (must) not only be stationed in particular locations but also substitute their own authority …”
Therefore, the final test for occupation is a simple one. If Israel cannot substitute its authority for that of Hamas and change the government in Gaza, or the court system, or the police force, then Israel is not an occupying power. Even Dugard would have to concede that Hamas, and Hamas alone, wields the whip in Gaza.